Russia (officially the Russian Federation) is the world’s largest country by land area, spanning Eastern Europe and northern Asia. It borders 14 nations and has a population of approximately 146 million (2025 estimate). Most of the population lives in the western regions, particularly around Moscow and St. Petersburg. Russia is highly urbanized, though it faces demographic challenges including a declining population, low fertility rate (1.4 children per woman), and an aging populace.
History
The roots of Russia trace back to Kievan Rusʹ, a medieval East Slavic state founded in the 9th century that adopted Orthodox Christianity in 988. After the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, power shifted to Moscow, which became the core of the Tsardom of Russia. Under leaders such as Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, Russia expanded rapidly, modernized its institutions, and emerged as a major European power.
The Russian Empire persisted until the 1917 revolutions, which toppled the monarchy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1922. The Soviet era saw rapid industrialization, political repression, and massive casualties during World War II. Following victory in 1945, the USSR became one of two global superpowers during the Cold War. Economic stagnation and internal reform movements culminated in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, after which the Russian Federation emerged as its largest successor state.
Modern Era
Post-Soviet Russia endured economic turmoil during the 1990s before stabilizing under Vladimir Putin, who has served as Russia’s dominant political figure since 1999. His leadership has been marked by centralized power, state control over media, and a strong emphasis on restoring Russia’s global influence. Relations with the West deteriorated after the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and further following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which triggered extensive international sanctions and geopolitical isolation.
Economy and Society
Russia has a mixed economy heavily dependent on energy exports, including oil, natural gas, and minerals. Despite sanctions, Russia’s economy has remained resilient, with wartime production bolstering growth. However, inflation, labor shortages, and declining investment weigh on long-term prospects. Defense and security expenditures dominate the federal budget.
Socially, Russia faces challenges of demographic decline, income inequality, and limited political freedoms. Life expectancy averages about 73 years, with a notable gender gap favoring women. While major cities remain modern and globally connected, rural regions experience slower development and population loss.
Present Day
In 2025, Russia remains a federal semi-presidential republic, though political opposition is constrained. The country continues to navigate its war in Ukraine, sanctions, and shifting alliances toward China, India, and other non-Western partners. Despite global isolation, Russia remains a key military power and influential player in world affairs.
Image Credit: By Jamie Eilat – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0. [Accessed 08/10/2025]
