General Overview
The Sturnidae family, which includes starlings and mynas, comprises about 120 species of passerine birds found across Europe, Asia, Africa, and parts of Australasia. Several species, such as the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), have been introduced worldwide and become highly successful in new regions, sometimes to the detriment of native species. Starlings are known for their intelligence, adaptability, and complex social behaviors, including the spectacular aerial displays known as murmurations.
Appearance
Sturnids are generally medium-sized songbirds, ranging from 15 to 30 cm in length. They have strong, straight bills, short tails, and sturdy legs. Plumage is often glossy and iridescent, with shades of purple, green, and blue visible in sunlight. Many species show seasonal changes, such as spotted patterns in winter. Mynas, a subgroup of starlings, are typically darker with bold markings and often have patches of bare yellow skin around the eyes. Sexual dimorphism is usuallyminimal, with males and females looking alike.
Diet
Members of the Sturnidae family are omnivorous and opportunistic feeders. They consume insects, grubs, and other invertebrates, as well as fruits, seeds, and nectar. Many species forage on the ground in open areas, probing soil or vegetation for prey, while others raid orchards and agricultural fields. Their flexible diet contributes to their success in both natural and urban environments.
Habitat
Sturnids inhabit a wide range of environments, from open grasslands and savannas to woodlands, farmlands, and cities. They are especially successful in human-modified landscapes, where they often nest in buildings, roost in large numbers, and take advantage of food sources provided by agriculture or urban waste. Introduced populations, such as European starlings in North America and Australia, have thrived in new habitats, often competing aggressively with native bird species.
Behavior
Starlings are highly social birds, forming flocks year-round, with some gatherings numbering in the thousands. Their murmurations (large, coordinated flight patterns) are among the most striking spectacles in the bird world. They are vocal mimics, capable of imitating other bird species, mechanical sounds, and even human speech. Breeding is usually colonial, with pairs nesting in cavities and raising several chicks per season. Both parents participate in incubation and feeding. Their aggressive and adaptable behavior helps them dominate nesting sites and food resources.
