General Overview
The Prunellidae family, commonly known as accentors, is a small group of passerine birds confined to the Palearctic region. There are around 13 recognized species, with the dunnock (Prunella modularis) being the most widespread and familiar. Accentors are closely related to sparrow-like birds but form a distinct lineage. They are generally inconspicuous and secretive, often found in temperate woodlands, alpine scrub, and rocky habitats.
Appearance
Accentors are small, drab-colored birds, typically measuring 14–18 cm in length. They have slender bodies, fine pointed bills adapted for insect-feeding, and relatively long legs. Their plumage is usually subdued, in shades of brown, gray, and rufous, often streaked or mottled to blend into their surroundings. While they may superficially resemble sparrows, their finer bills and more delicate structure distinguish them. Sexual dimorphism is minimal, with males and females looking alike.
Diet
Accentors are primarily insectivorous, especially during the breeding season, feeding on insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates. In winter, when insects are scarce, they supplement their diet with seeds and berries. Their slender bills are well-suited for picking prey from foliage, bark, or the ground.
Habitat
Prunellids inhabit a range of habitats across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, from lowland woodlands and hedgerows to alpine meadows and rocky high-altitude slopes. Many species, such as the alpine accentor (Prunella collaris), are well adapted to cold, mountainous environments, often breeding at elevations where few other passerines can survive.
Behavior
Accentors are generally shy and unobtrusive, foraging close to the ground and often skulking in undergrowth. They are usually solitary or form small groups outside the breeding season. The dunnock, in particular, is notable for its unusual mating system, which can include monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, or even polygynandry, depending on local conditions. Nests are built low in shrubs or dense vegetation, and both parents contribute to feeding the chicks. Their song is a thin, high-pitched warble, often delivered from a low perch.
