Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America and is the northernmost nation in Latin America. It shares borders with the United States to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, with coastlines on the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. Covering 1,972,550 km², it is the thirteenth-largest country in the world and has a population of over 130 million, making it the tenth-most populous nation.
Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC. It was home to advanced civilizations such as the Olmecs, Maya, and Aztecs before Spanish colonization began in 1521. After gaining independence between 1810 and 1821, Mexico faced territorial losses to the United States in 1848 and dealt with political upheavals, including civil wars and foreign interventions. The 1910 Mexican Revolution led to significant social and political change, including the adoption of the Constitution in 1917.
Mexico is a federal republic with a presidential system and a bicameral Congress. It is classified as a newly industrialized and developing country, ranking as the 15th largest economy by nominal GDP. Renowned for its cultural heritage, Mexico is home to numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is a major tourist destination. Despite its growth and influence, challenges like poverty, corruption, and crime persist, particularly related to drug trafficking conflicts. Mexico is a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations and G20.
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